R Variables and Constants - Variable Assignment, Search & Delete

Variables are the name given to a piece of data or information. Like many other programming languages, we use R variables to store data. R supports numeric, string, boolean and many other data types and we do not declare a variable with the data type, instead of that we assign a value to the variable and on basis of value R automatically sets the data type of variable.

A variable name consists of characters, numbers, and the special character (dot(.) and underscore(_) only) and can not start with any number.

See an example of variable naming in R programming

#Variables Naming in R Programming

#Valid Varibale Name
varone <- 20
print(varone)

#Valid Variable Name
.var_two <-30
print(.var_two)

#Invalid Variable Name
12months <- 12

#Invalid Variable Name (as dot is followed by number)
.1Var <- "Ashish"

The output on R Console

Variable Assignment in R

In R programming, the value of a variable can be assigned using the left arrow, right arrow or equal to the operator and the data type of a variable can be changed multiple times in a program that depends on its value.

# Assignment using  using left arrow
var1 <- 5
print(var1)

# Assignment using  using right arrow
"Ashish Awasthi" -> var2 
print(var2)

# Assignment using equal to operator
var3 = FALSE 
print(var3)

Data type of a Variable

This is how we can check the data type of any variable

# Declare Different types of Variables
var1 <- 5
print(var1)
"Ashish Awasthi" -> var2 
print(var2)
var3 = FALSE 
print(var3)

# Check class of var1
class(var1)

# Check class of var2
class(var2)

# Check class of var3
class(var3)

Searching Variable

We can find all variable available in the workspace using ls() function, and we can also use pattern in ls function to find the specific variable.

See an example here

#Declare some variables
var <- 10
var1 <- "Ashish Awasthi"
var2 <- 20.5
test_var <- TRUE

#Print all variables present in workspace
ls()

#Search specific variable
ls(pattern="test")

The output on R Console

Deleting a Variable

If you want to delete a variable that is no longer needed then there is rm() function, that removes variable from the workspace.

See an example

#Declare some variables
var <- 10
var1 <- "Ashish Awasthi"
var2 <- 20.5
test_var <- TRUE

#Delete a variable
rm(var2)

#Now print that variable
print(var2)

The output on R Console

Constants in R

As the name suggests constant means, an entity that value can not be changed. Constants can be numeric, character, boolean etc. All numbers are numeric constants, we can check it's using typeof() function.

#Numeric Constants
typeof(10)

#Character Constants
typeof("Ashish Awasthi")

#Buil-in Constants
print(pi)
typeof(pi)

print(LETTERS)
typeof(LETTERS)

print(letters)
typeof(letters)

print(month.name)
typeof(month.name)

Cheers :) Happy Learning

R Data Types – Vectors, Matrices, Lists, Factors, Data Frames

 Like other programming languages, R supports many different data types. You must have seen that variables are used to store data in a program and a data type is assigned to a variable and that variable can hold only that type of data. In this post, we'll learn about R data types and R objects.

Basic data types in R programming are Numeric, Integer, Character, Logical and Complex and other than this R has some unique data types that are called R Objects.

Vectors in R

A Vector is basically a set of values of the same basic data type like numeric character etc. Vector in R is created using the c() function that represents a combination of elements.

See this example

# A Numeric Vector
numeric_vector <- c(10, 20, 30)

# A Character Vector
character_vector <- c("a", "b", "c")

# A Boolean Vector
boolean_vector <-c(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE)

The output on R Console is

Matrices in R

R supports Matrices and a Matrix is a collection of data values in 2 dimensions of the same basic data type, R creates a matrix of values using a matrix() function.

See this example

Here c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) is a numeric vector
nrow is the number of rows in the matrix
ncol is the number of columns in the matrix

#Create a matrix using Vector
test_matrix<-matrix(c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9), nrow=3, ncol=3)
#Print matrix on console
print(test_matrix)

The output on R Console is

Arrays in R

Arrays are the same as any other programming language and in R, an array is the same as a matrix but it can have more than two dimensions. Array in R is created using the array() function and uses a vector as input and dim value to create arrays.

Here dim =c(2,2,4) means that 4 arrays will be created of 2x2.

#We have two vectors here
v1 <- c(1,2,3,7,8,9)
v2 <- c(4,5,6,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)

#Create array using vectors
test_array <- array(c(v1,v2),dim = c(2,2,4))

#print the array on the console
print(test_array)

The output on R Console is

Lists in R

A List is a set of values that can have different basic data types, In R List is created using the list() function.

#A list with different data types
#Declare a numeric vector
numeric_vector<-c(1,2,3)

#Create list 
test_list<- list("Ashish Awasthi", numeric_vector, 5.3)

#Print list
print(test_list)

The output on R Console

Factors in R

Factors are created using vectors as base and stores unique values as levels, In R Factor object is created using factor() function.

# Create a vector with duplicate values
emp_names <- c('James','Ram','James','Ashish','Ram','Ashish','James','Ram')

# Create a factor object using vector
factor_emp <- factor(emp_names)

# Print the factor object
print(factor_emp)

The output on R Console is

Data Frames in R

Data Frame is used for storing data in tables, and this tabular data can have multiple types of vectors like numeric, characters etc. Data Frame can be created using data.frame() function.

#A Character Vector
string_vector <-c("Ashish", "Awasthi","R")

#A Numeric Vector
numeric_vector <- c(10, 20, 30.5)

#A Boolean Vector
boolean_vector<- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)

# Create the data frame using all 3 vectors
test_df <- 	data.frame(string_vector,numeric_vector,boolean_vector)

#Print result
print(test_df)

The output on R Console

Though this post gives an idea of using variables, In the next post, we'll learn more about using variables in R programming.

Cheers :) Happy Learning

Comments and basic arithmetic operations in R programming

 This post is about performing arithmetic operations in R programming language and putting required comments in between of code.

In R we use #(hash) sign to write a single line comment and R does not support multiline comments.

Now we'll see how to perform basic arithmetic operations in R. It is quite simple like using the calculator as no code is required to add, subtract or multiply.
See the example given below and try the code in R GUI software.

#Add Operation
10+12

#Subtract Operation
12-10

#Multiplication
10*12

#Divison
20/10

# Exponentiation
3^3

# Modulo
25%%4

And see the output in R GUI

and you can see that comments are written in code using # sign.

Print Hello World in R

The first program of every programming language is printing "Hello World" on the screen so here we'll see how to write our first program in R.
Here we take a variable sayHello and use <- to assign the value to the variable and to print this variable on the console, use the print command as shown in the below code.

#Set value in a variable 
sayHello <- "Hello World in R Programming!"
#Put this command to print
print(sayHello)

And output in R console - It is printing "Hello World in R Programming"

So this post gives a basic idea about R programming, Now in the next post, we'll learn about variables and data types used in the R language.

R tutorial - Introduction to R Programming

This R tutorial is designed for beginners who know the basics of programming and want to learn R programming.

R is an open-source programming language utilized for machine learning, factual examination, designs portrayal and detailing. R is unreservedly accessible under GNU General Public License. To learn R programming you ought to have an essential comprehension of any programming language.

The centre of R is an interpreted programming language that is the reason it doesn't require any compiler to run the code. R permits joining with the methodology written in the C, C++, .Net, Python or FORTRAN languages for effectiveness.

R was developed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman in Auckland in 1993 and supported by a group of programmers. R is the most used programming language for data analysis and statistical purposes. Like other programming languages, R supports conditional statements, looping, recursion and numerous different highlights like information representation, data visualization.

R supports number-crunching, object-oriented programming, procedural programming with functions, and has an extensive arrangement of administrators for taking care of Arrays and grids.

To start learning R programming, first of all, get R GUI Software that compiles and runs the R language.

Styling HTML elements using CSS

In this post, we'll learn about styling HTML elements using CSS code, CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet. It is used for changing the look of HTML components on the page and is very important for designing a beautiful user interface. After this tutorial, you'll be able to learn the basics about CSS and can use it in any type of web application or technology to beautify components.

CSS can be used in HTML pages in 3 ways, Here we'll see how to style HTML elements.

Inline CSS

Inline CSS is used to decorate a single HTML element and makes use of style attributes. See this example of styling HTML paragraph tag using inline CSS

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<p style="color:red;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;">This is a Red bold Paragraph</p>
<p style="color:darkgreen;font-size:15px;font-style:italic;">This is a green italic Paragraph</p>

</body>
</html>

Try this in our HTML Editor

Internal CSS

Internal CSS is used to decorate elements in a single HTML page. It is defined between <style> - </style> tag in <head> section. See this example of using internal CSS in an HTML page

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<style>
p{
color:red;
font-size:20px;
font-weight:bold;
border: 1px solid blue;
padding: 50px;
background-color:yellow;
}
</style>

<p>This is a Red bold Paragraph with a border and background color</p>

</body>
</html>

Try this in our HTML Editor

External CSS

External CSS is used to decorate many HTML pages, Like for designing a website's template we use external CSS, In this, we create a file with .css extension and this file contains CSS code for all page elements.

A CSS file looks like this - style.css

p{
color:red;
font-size:20px;
font-weight:bold;
border: 1px solid blue;
padding: 50px;
background-color:yellow;
}
h1{
color:blue;
}

And this is how it is attached to the HTML page

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>

<p>This is a Red bold Paragraph with a border and background color</p>
<h1>This is the H1 heading</h1>
</body>
</html>

After this information, you'll be able to understand the basics of CSS and get an idea of using styles with any other framework.

Cheers :) Happy Learning

Skinning ADF Dialog box inside popup component

 In this post, we'll see how to change the look n feel of popup component by skinning the ADF dialog box using CSS code in ADF Application. Skinning plays important role in designing a better user interface, You can read more about ADF Skinning here.

Default ADF dialog component inside popup looks like this

And here I'll show you how to customize the look of dialog box using ADF Skin (CSS Code), I hope you all know about creating ADF Skin file. After creating the Skin file put the CSS script mentioned below in that file.

See ADF Skin code used to customize ADF dialog box.

/**Change background color and border color of dialog**/
af|dialog {
    background-color: White;
    border-color: #4267b2;
}

/**Change dialog header style**/
af|dialog::header, af|dialog::header-end, af|dialog::header-start, af|dialog::title {
    color: #FFFFFF;
    text-align: center;
    background-color: #45619d;
    background-image: none;
    font-family: Arial;
    padding: 3px;
}

/**Change dialog button styler**/
af|dialog af|button {
    background-color: #4267b2;
    text-align: center;
    vertical-align: middle;
    color: White;
    background-image: none;
    border: #4267b2 1.5px solid;
    width: 60px;
}

af|dialog af|button::link {
    background-color: #4267b2;
    text-align: center;
    vertical-align: middle;
    color: White;
    background-image: none;
    border: #4267b2 1.5px solid;
    font-family: Arial;
}

/**Set hover event properties for dialog button**/
af|dialog af|button:hover {
    background-color: red;
    text-align: center;
    vertical-align: middle;
    color: White;
    background-image: none;
    border: #528cff 1.5px solid;
    width: 60px;
}

af|dialog af|button::link:hover {
    background-color: #528cff;
    text-align: center;
    vertical-align: middle;
    color: White;
    background-image: none;
    border: #528cff 1.5px solid;
    font-family: Arial;
}

/**Change default close icon of dialog**/
af|dialog::close-icon-style {
    background: none;
    background-image: url("../../lblue_cross_16.png");
    height: 17px;
}

af|dialog::close-icon-style:hover {
    background: none;
    background-image: url("../../red_cross_16.png");
    height: 17px;
}

And after skinning, ADF dialog box looks like this

Cheers :) Happy Learning